endstream More than ten left unanswered may be of clinical significance. This scale is used to detect attempts at overreporting. https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-training-slides, The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales, nterpretation of MMPI-2 Content, Supplementary, and PSY-5 Scales, MMPI-2 Computerized Scoring and Interpretation. Highly correlated with the K scale. Those who are well-educated and of a high social class tend to score higher on this scale. This scale asks questions designed to determine if test-takers are contradicting themselves in their responses. Receiving an accurate assessment and diagnosis can help you get the treatment you need to feel your best. However, mental health professionals don't rely on the results alone when making a diagnosis. For example, a 2021 study concluded that the MMPI-2, when results were evaluated through machine learning, provided reliable accuracy in classifying and predicting suicidal ideation and past suicidal attempts. This diagnostic label is no longer used today and the symptoms described on this scale are more reflective of anxiety, depression, andobsessive-compulsive disorder. 8600 Rockville Pike MMPI Test Validity Scales All of the MMPI tests use validity scales of varying sorts to help assess the accuracy of each individual's answers. endobj TRIN offers additional information about response sets or styles that may affect the profile, measuring the degree to which the examinee responded inconsistently by endorsing items similar in content, but phrased as opposites, as both true or as both false. Sd highly correlates with Mp and L, and only slightly with K. High scores, >T65, are associated with claims of assertiveness, confidence, and virtuousness. Bookshelf This scale can help establish the credibility of the test taker. This is because the complex scale requires specific training to accurately interpret the results and misinterpreting the results can have harmful consequences, leading to unnecessary distress. 6 0 obj (30 items) K is a subtle and valuable correction for defensiveness. The hypochondriasis scale is designed to detect exaggerated concern over ones health that is unsupported by medical authority. endobj fHh=Jy\[z$K5imo9C&d20@BNgPi}QX!`}T^7g. adequate measures. Would you like email updates of new search results? Very high scores (T> 90) commonly found with psychotic patients. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The 9 Best Online Guided Meditation Options in 2022. In R. P. Archer & E. M. A. Wheeler (Eds.). This scale was developed later than the other nine scales. A high L can mean anything from a very well mannered normal wanting to give a good impression, to a compensated paranoid. Psychol Assess. The test involves completing a number of questions that correspond to different scales that correspond to certain mental health conditions. Spanish: Derived from a sample of 550 US Spanish speakers (275 men and 275 women) Other languages: Spanish, French for Canada Telepractice: They originally developed the test to be used in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with schizophrenia. Flanagan C. (2015). stream 1938 0 obj <>stream Interpretation of MMPI-2 validity scales. English: Nationally representative English-language normative sample designed to match US Census Bureau demographic projections for 2020, 1,620 individuals (810 men and 810 women) ages 18 and older. Validity Scales Classification accuracies associated with the overreporting Validity Scale scores were evaluated and generally supported their utility in correctly classifying overreporters and patients. Interpretation of MMPI-2 Clinical Scales. Also included are feelings of grandiosity and egocentricity. High scores on this scale sometimes indicate that the respondent stopped paying attention and began answering questions randomly. The MMPI-3 contains 335 self-report items and takes 25 to 35 minutes to administer by computer and 35 to 40 minutes to administer by paper and pencil. The depression scale points to aspects related to clinical depression. Because such defensive responding masks experienced symptoms, several clinical scales (e.g., Schizophrenia) are corrected for K scale scores. The MMPI-2-RF was constructed using a similar rationale used to create the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. This section consists of 20 paired questions that are the opposite of each other. The MMPI was developed in the 1930s to help mental health professionals evaluate people with psychiatric disorders. of maintaining continuity with the original MMPI, the basic Validity Scales (L, F, and K) were also left unchanged except for deleting four objectionable items from the F Scale, and the MMPI2 Clinical Scales were nearly identical to those of the MMPI. A high number of such items renders a profile invalid and may suggest that the examinee perceived the items as irrelevant, was uncooperative, was defensive or indecisive, or could not understand the items. and appendices for all the MMPI-2 scales including the newer validity measures; and * incorporates 570 references (235 completely new). Pearson. MMPI-2-RF Interpretive Report: Clinical Settings ID:Mr. %PDF-1.6 % Interview the person to see if they can truly walk on water. K Scale - Defensiveness (McKinley, Hathaway & Meehl, 1948). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. National Library of Medicine The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool utilized by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders. stream If you're taking the MMPI test, the following are some helpful tips to keep in mind: While you may be able to take the MMPI online, you can also research psychologists and/or psychiatrists in your area who can refer you to a professional that will administer the test in person. The highest and lowest T scores possible on each scale are indicated by a "---"; MMPI-2-RF T scores are non-gendered. An example of this is the F-K Index, also known as the Gough Dissimulation Index, for which the raw score on the K (Correction) scale is subtracted from the raw F (Infrequency) scale. Specific interpretive cut scores points are available but, generally, high scores (i.e., a significantly higher F than K) indicate overreporting of psychopathology, low scores (i.e., a significantly higher K than F) indicate underreporting of psychopathology, and intermediate scores indicate accurate item endorsement. The MMPI-2 yields scores for ten clusters of mental health issues. High scorers tend to be more rebellious, while low scorers are more accepting of authority. The 567-item MMPI-2 is composed of over 120 scales. endstream This study describes the development of a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scale designed to detect negative response bias in forensic neuropsychological or disability assessment settings. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Today, it's the most frequently used clinical testing instrument and is one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. It's also used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programs, including substance use programs. This scale was originally developed to identify individuals withparanoid symptomssuch as suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, excessive sensitivity, and rigid attitudes. Mp is highly correlated with Sd, L and S. Mp should only be used along with L and K. If T greater than 60, and L and/or K are also high, there is likely to be a conscious attempt to fake to look good. Sometimes referred to as the "defensiveness scale," this scale is a more effective and less obvious way of detecting attempts to present oneself in the best possible way by underreporting. pbmT*Ivxp9$!mSmflO,y?.HsY The MMPI is the most frequently used and most extensively researched psychological assessment tool. TLiVw7#NNma4f,T&4 %PDF-1.5 (n.d.). This scale measures how much a person abides by stereotypical masculine and feminine values and roles. Why the Thematic Apperception Test Is Used in Therapy, How the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Works, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MMPI History: A Brief History of the MMPI Instruments, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryAdolescent-Resctructed Form (MMPI-A-RF), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3), Of psychometric means: Starke R. Hathaway and the popularization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI-3: Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. Both the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF are designed for individuals age 18 years and older. The concerns are usually vague and persist despite not being validated. % The following improvements were introduced: new norms more representative of the population << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Despite the names given to each scale, they are not a pure measure since many conditions have overlapping symptoms. It doesnt use percentile ranks that indicate how well you did on the test. MeSH Originally developed to identify psychopathic individuals, this scale measures social deviation, lack of acceptance of authority, and amorality (a disregard for morality). It may measure a conscious attempt to give a favorable impression. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Apps, podcasts, YouTube channels we've compiled the 9 best online guided meditation options. Learn more about. This scale was originally used to measure excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears. The MMPI-2 test questions consist of 567 true-false and take approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete; the MMPI-2-RF has 338 true-false questions, taking 35 to 50 minutes to finish. Low scores (T<45), possible fake good profile. MMPI-3: A new norm [Video file]. Kwc3^c-SyFVv+)Jr@9lWQe/Fvndc=g#_\5I=WUc;]:M!b"r:'\85Ro./Z5Pm8Ugrfz3C1Q!|G315g l[+4q]of:i/9\:>Um5 Scale - Cannot Say (MMPI/MMPI-2). We're bending an ear to what experts say about ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response) sounds and your mental health. This means the test and its materials are not freely available to the public. A norm is a statistic or set of statistics (such as average, standard deviations, and score ranges) that researchers compare an individuals score against. High: (> Raw 5). 2005-2023 Psych Central a Red Ventures Company. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while others felt the test itself contained sexist and racist questions. Because of this, most psychologists simply refer to each scale by number. <> Today, it is used to assess how much or how little a person identifies how rigidly an individual identifies with stereotypical male and female gender roles. F Scale - Infrequency (Hathaway & McKinley, 1951) (60 items). Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Its one tool within a large diagnostic toolbox, and its constantly being reviewed and revised. Chmielewski M, Zhu J, Burchett D, Bury AS, Bagby RM. The MMPI is most commonly used by mental health professionals to assess and diagnose mental illness, but it has also been utilized in other fields outside of clinical psychology. Overall, if an underreporting scale is elevated, it is likely the examinee approached other items in a manner that attempted to present the most favorable self-image and deny psychological difficulties. DJ%I6 'qW?)EhE. Third, the extent to which the examinee accurately self-described symptoms and did not over- or underreport psychopathology is evaluated. This scale gauges a persons ability to resist certain thoughts or behaviors. Overall, the findings generally support the validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the detection of overreporting. 7 0 obj As with L and K, elevations on these scales may represent defensiveness, impression management, or poor insight or awareness into ones behavior. gy\=!F;A!EsYLb`B tOkh?jh+@KJ_JJW Rk5z_@,]Iq~{h0f When the score for a . The MMPI- We're unpacking the Four Horseman of the. *cCJ>U]j Fic>F]uQfq?ff"#tbU_1&[ It also gauges feelings of alienation from self and society as well as boredom. The "superlative self-presentation" scale was developed in 1995 to look for additional underreporting. Floyd AE, Gupta V. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. MMPI-2 Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press; 2015. College students completed a battery of criterion measures before assignment to a Standard Instructions (SIs) Group (n = 288), an . (2015). {@QpdWKWfIL_gw,FVZ \" HI!/=TuVl_\SUpG#nfHpP:5v[y)jV3DuYZ@(f z$MRJIjyP N;Fs]H0/dh2TsqF'_m?T8z{g/L9>ZLM%\A d9#-5Whoz}jb}V-fJ"b%D%Y8)%r7dD >XfnZc\3nor9tC$a@4J v1oE These scales overlap, but generally, high scale scores point to a high risk of having a mental health disorder. Overall, the MMPI-2's measures of test-taking approach and validity may qualify clinical findings or lend credence to interpretations yielded by the test in multiple situations, particularly in forensic situations such as criminal proceedings as well as in gatekeeping evaluations (e.g., child custody assessments), in which examinees may have 2013 Aug;37(4):219-30. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000008. Originally developed in the late 1930s, the test has been revised and updated several times to improve accuracy and validity. Lawyers also use the MMPI as forensic evidence in criminal defense and custody disputes. Tendency to create a favorable impression as a response bias, conventional, rigid, moralistic, repression, denial, and insightless. MMPI-2 Training Slides, Univerity of Minnesota Press; 2015. 5 0 obj The 338 items of the MMPI-2-RF accommodate a total of 51 scales: 9 Validity Scales and 42 substantive scales. People who score high on this scale deliberately try to present themselves in the most positive way possible, rejecting shortcomings or unfavorable characteristics. Validity Scales . As with K, if the person is indeed high functioning, a high score accurately measures ego strength. University of Minnesota. Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments. Pearson Assessments; 1989. The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 items, contains 9 validity and 42 homogeneous substantive scales, and allows for a straightforward interpretation strategy. A first step in assessing response validity involves evaluating the Cannot Say scale, which indicates the number of unanswered items or items answered both true and false. There are several possible interpretations for elevations on this scale including malingering, random responding, or expressing a cry for help. Though different in content relative to F, the Fb (Infrequency-Back) scale is similar in purpose and format, consisting of items at the end of the test, so that response style can be evaluated throughout the entire administration. The 42 substan-tive scales consist of the 9 previously developed . A similar scale, the Superlative scale, evaluates the degree to which individuals present themselves in a superlative or highly virtuous fashion, while denying problems. Also known as the "cannot say" scale, this validity scale assesses the number of items left unanswered. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The Response Bias Scale (RBS) consists of 28 MMPI-2 items that discriminated between persons who passed or failed the Word Memory Test . The MMPI will probably never receive total approval or total disapproval. Chapter 16: Psychological and behavioral assessment. The validity scales attempt to identify deceptive or inconsistent test results. Pearson. The MMPI is an objective personality test that was first published in 1943 by Starke Hathaway, PhD and J. Charnley McKinley, MD who were working to develop a routine diagnostic instrument. All MMPI-3 Validity Scales, particularly Fp (g = 1.29), F (g = 1.05), and RBS (g = 1.11), differentiated the overreporting group from patients with genuine psychopathology. Very high (>T99) possible random, exaggerated, or mis-scored profile. Its also good to remember the test is designed to be a helping tool, one that can give both you and your mental health professionals a clearer vision of one precious and unique human personality. K scale elevations may indicate that an examinee was being defensive, has poor insight, and may be seeking to maintain a faqade of adequacy and control without admitting to problems or weaknesses. TRIN - True Response Inconsistency scale (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham & Tellegen 1989). This scale was designed to assess a neurotic concern over bodily functioning. Instead, be ready to answer the questions as honestly as possible. The recently released Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a revised set of Validity Scales on which there is currently limited validity and clinical utility evidence for the detection of overreporting. Scale scores shown in bold font are interpreted in the report. 1 0 obj If you have questions, you should be given the opportunity to ask beforehand by the test administrator. Only professionals who can provide the required credentials can buy the test from Pearson Assessments. (MMPI-2) 23 pairs of items that are semantically inconsistent. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3). hbbd```b`` "gIu"@$S d)!L`w RHDrMne@gJ@T:5 8 endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 229 0 obj <>stream Test division. Kim S, et al. A diagnosis should never be made solely on the results of the MMPI. Determining whether it's mania or hypomania is one step toward finding the best treatment. Psychol Assess. Z (}R;3dvA2{woJ4~>9}JMiRFJ oKg[c[Vc(ejD] zo?9[)\@z`:oj,;VlcgnFf'Lgjx0NcN{r6fr-t%Po27 ^uNgqC$AZ->92%+ Cd9zZ"{F?V| cy-..A/b?h/Cs&cD,?rzxo9=k?R cU}y~xNt27 X } Plus, four ASMR YouTubers, With decades of data from studying real couples, Dr. John Gottman's predictors of divorce are 93% accurate. Schilling R, et al. T scores (mean of 50 and standard deviations of 10) were used to compute the standard scores. High scores indicate a tendency to yea-say (i.e., endorse many items as true), and low scores indicate a tendency to nay-say (i.e., endorse many items as false). Disclaimer. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most commonly used psychological tests in the United States. mU^I6?8sR'+Ygi!G01z3G+\AwKp[k?2qQeYV;f'O(;VJ>v_dK'];(@3J??tN=^Sd;UbUJT[9oF6lAALLtjD:[vAhKtWKS)RRAb%:m$ #EP+;n. ~VP~CuE3TR6e(I17.BYeg;yI^%f*FgjZE[:VN#b\2jV RvKKj,D5c*3+ pA}EY0tBMw!*r$Y*vd$'5'Iwrr|RZqAIaRARSz{kk x5G1@1?c_b[;Bv&G*.V6}C 0^=L6[IL+KXwFz)UR#|Z(GDF.J -nUY?L|a@q)$ hH~]@;| nfh.\Tcx%N Interpret all substantive scales cautiously; possibly invalid depending on level of elevation 3. If however, the persons history does not support claims of superior adjustment, and T>65, consider a faking to look good bias. Assessment. 152-155 (Hathaway and McKinley, 1989). h254V0P054Q03Rw/+Q02L)(M6!vvpf`BY)#1TNSkP0 Z' endstream endobj 1941 0 obj <>stream >> Interpretation of the MMPI-A A. The MMPI-2-RF has been in use for five years, during which a substantial literature has accumulated on the nine validity scales of the inventory. High scores, 13 or more, have responded to the MMPI in a "yea-saying" test set, responding mostly "True". Greene, R. L. (2000). It is important to remember that the MMPI is just one tool that your therapist might use to make a diagnosisthey won't rely on these results alone. Epub 2015 Dec 16. Second, to assess response consistency, the Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) and True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) scales are evaluated. %PDF-1.6 % While different versions of the test vary in construction, the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A are made of 10 scales that are used to indicate different psychological conditions. The K scale was derived from individuals who were hospitalized, clearly having serious psychological problems and yet producing normal profiles. The present study evaluated the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the identification of such response bias. They used an empirical approach in the construction of the various scales of the MMPI. While the MMPI is not a perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Low: (< Raw 3). The University of Minnesota Press licenses the test to Pearson Assessments and other companies for sales and distribution. The exception is with those scales developed specically out of the MMPI-2 item pool. Return to Criminal Responsibility assessment overview. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 2017 Jul;24(5):555-574. doi: 10.1177/1073191115621791. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. SuperlaveSelfPresentaon(S) DevelopedbyButcherandHan(1995)toidenfyunder reporngwiththeenreMMPI2itempool 50items,44keyedFalse . << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Developed by having college students take the MMPI under conditions, of fake good, fake bad and normal. ASMR: Why Certain Sounds Soothe Your Mind, 4 Relationship Behaviors That Often Lead to Divorce, non-responding or inconsistent responding (CNS, VRIN, TRIN), over-reporting, or exaggerating psychological symptoms, popularly called faking bad (F, Fb, Fp, FBS), under-reporting, or reducing psychological symptoms, popularly called faking good (L, K, S). It also includes items that might reflect delusions. Note. % Note. This scale identifies unhealthy overactivity expressed as excitement, elevated and unstable mood, and long strings of ideas. People have always had concerns over the reliability and accuracy of the MMPI ever since it was first published in 1942. Here is the revised and expanded edition of the indispensable companion for every mental 2013:21-62. Very high scores may indicate depression, while moderate scores tend to reveal a general dissatisfaction with ones life. 10 0 obj Download Ebook Mmpi And Mmpi 2 Interpretation Manual For . The F(p) scale was constructed of items endorsed by 20% or less by two separate groups of psychiatric patients vs. the MMPI-2 sample. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. This article discusses how the MMPI was developed, how it is used, and the different versions of the instrument that are available. There are a variety of both intentional and unintentional reasons people might try to present themselves other than what they are. Mp- Positive Malingering Scale (Cofer et al. Highly correlated with the K scale. A tally of omitted items. The items on this scale concern physical symptoms and well-being. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Despite the name of this scale, high scorers are usually diagnosed with apersonality disorderrather than apsychotic disorder. This scale helps detect intentional overreporting in people who have a mental health disorder of some sort or who were using random or fixed responding. It includes nine Validity Scales (seven of which are modified versions of the MMPI-2 Validity Scales). The MMPI-2 is often used in legal cases, including criminal defense and custody disputes. In all, if an overreporting scale is elevated, it is likely the examinee responded in a manner that exaggerated impressions of experienced psychopathology. The True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) scale was developed to detect people who use fixed responding, a method of taking the test without regard to the question, such as marking ten questions "true," the next ten as "false," and so on. Scores between T71 and T113 may be exaggerated, unless the psychopathology is obviously severe; scores greater than T113 suggest exaggeration. The scale can also show potential substance abuse, emotional or social alienation, eccentricities, and a limited interest in other people. Consider speaking with a doctor or a mental health professional to help you determine which type of MMPI test best aligns with your unique mental health experience. Floyd AE, et al. The F(p) (Infrequency-Psychopathology) scale consists of items that no more than 20% of two samples of psychiatric inpatients, as well as a normative sample, was endorsed in a deviant direction; it was developed to detect malingering in settings with high base rates of serious psychopathology. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete. Reports often vary. It measures people's mental health and provides evidence of mental disorders. In addition, 14 critical item sets are provided, including 7 Depression/Suicidal Ideation items. The test has also been used as a screening instrument for certain professions, especially high-risk jobs, although using it in this manner has been controversial. In addition to the L and K scales, the Wiggins Social Desirability Scale, with items assessing self-confidence, social skills, and effective decision making, evaluates the degree to which examinees present themselves in a positive and socially desirable fashion. Primarily, the MMPI is used to help mental health professionals assess and diagnose mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. The test is part of a psychological evaluation your clinician will make. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Developed like the F scale, it is made up of items that are endorsed less than 10% of the time by normals (but frequently by disturbed individuals). endobj The recently released Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a revised set of Validity Scales on which there is currently limited validity and clinical utility evidence for the detection of overreporting. Essentially, people who score high on this scale are trying to appear worse than they really are, they may be in severe psychological distress, or they may be just randomly answering questions without paying attention to what the questions say. PSYC 368_Ch 14_Personality Testing_MMPI-2 [Video file]. Seng EK, et al. An official website of the United States government. Careers. The MMPI has built-in clinical scales that describe a persons psychological processes and how they respond to stress. Five subscales are; Belief in Human Goodness, Serenity, Contentment with Life, Patience and Denial of Irritability and Anger, and Denial of Moral Flaws. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It is important to look for a pattern that may exist in the items that are left blank. Accessibility h4;k1zA80\LJcR%Hl]$G}xV)67dciWyu;%4^[vxz`Kt8c\40L ,`]U9BS2H_Q*E:~+98+GF,6f0l7APn9_ Ms{zy|yo" /G|gEcQO~PB>xw[Q,>}~ti/~qi/ endstream endobj 1939 0 obj <>stream << /Length 11 0 R /N 1 /Alternate /DeviceGray /Filter /FlateDecode >> Although some self-report instruments (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI) have specifically been designed to consider the effects of participants' response styles in their disclosure of psychopathology, many of the most commonly used instruments (e.g., the revised edition of the Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90-R; the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) do not. The FBS (Fake Bad Scale) consists of items infrequently endorsed by personal injury litigants that tap somatic rather than psychiatric symptoms.
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