Authorities quickly implemented plans to protect Londoners from bombs and to house those left homeless by the attacks. The Germans, however, saw Belfast as a legitimate target due to the shipyards in the city that were contributing to Britain's war efforts. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of any material on this site without expressand written permission from the author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. And then naturally as I was over the target, I did pick up flak but I have no sense of exactly how weak or how strong it was, because every bit of flak you get is dangerous.. He stated that "he would once more tell his government how he felt about the matter and he would ask them to confine the operations to military objectives as far as it was humanly possible. The town of Dromara saw its population increase from 500 to 2,500. Their Chain Home early warning radar, the most advanced system in the world, gave Fighter Command adequate notice of where and when to direct their forces, and the Luftwaffe never made a concerted effort to neutralize it. On 24 March 1941, John MacDermott, Minister for Security, wrote to Prime Minister John Andrews, expressing his concerns that Belfast was so poorly protected: "Up to now we have escaped attack. No attendant nurse had soothed the last moments of these victims; no gentle reverent hand had closed their eyes or crossed their hands. Anna and Billy were buried up their necks in sewage but were rescued and survived. Under the leadership of Prime Minister John Miller Andrews, Northern Ireland remained unprepared. Only four were known still to be alive. The mortuary services had emergency plans to deal with only 200 bodies. On July 16, 1940, Hitler issued a directive ordering the preparation and, if necessary, execution of Operation Sea Lion, the amphibious invasion of Great Britain. . When the war began, Belfast, like many other cities, adopted the wartime practices of rationing and blackouts. However they were not in a position to communicate with the Germans, and information recovered from Germany after the war showed that the planning of the blitz was based entirely on German aerial reconnaissance. (Great War casualties) had died in hospital beds, their eyes had been reverently closed, their hands crossed to their breasts. the Blitz, (September 7, 1940May 11, 1941), intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. Belfast, the city with the highest population density in the UK at the time, also had the lowest proportion of public air-raid shelters. The first day of the Blitz is remembered as Black Saturday. 2023 BBC. Belfast's Albert Clock tower is sinking - it leans by four feet. Brides, Fleet St.; St. Lawrence Jewry; St. Magnus the Martyr; St. Mary-at-hill; St. Dunstan in the East; St. Clement [Eastcheap] and St. Jamess, Piccadilly). Belfast is famous for being the birthplace of the Titanic. Belfast is as worthy a target as Coventry, Birmingham, Bristol or Glasgow.. THE BELFAST BLITZ was a series of four air raids over Northern Ireland during the spring of 1941. Air power alone had failed to knock the United Kingdom out of the war. Belfast was Ireland's industrial home, famous for tobacco, rope-making, linen, and ship-building, which made it the powerhouse it was. ", US journalist Ben Robertson reported that at night Dublin was the only city without a blackout between New York and Moscow, and between Lisbon and Sweden and that German bombers often flew overhead to check their bearings using its lights, angering the British. This amounted to nearly half of Britains total civilian deaths for the whole war. But the authorities were afraid that bombs might not be the. This hub of industry and trade represented a legitimate military target for the Germans, and some 25,000 bombs were dropped on the Port of London alone. The Belfast blitz is remembered. workers. A modern bomb census has attempted to pinpoint the location of every bomb dropped on London during the Blitz, and the visualization of that data makes clear how thoroughly the Luftwaffe saturated the city. St George's Church in High Street was damaged by fire. That contrasts with the figure that is often given of more than 900 killed on Easter Tuesday alone. By 6am, within two hours of the request for assistance, 71 firemen with 13 fire tenders from Dundalk, Drogheda, Dublin, and Dn Laoghaire were on their way to cross the Irish border to assist their Belfast colleagues. A force of 180 bombers dropped 750 bombs - including 203 tonnes of high explosives - and 29,000 incendiaries over a five-hour period. 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On 28 April 1943, six members of the Government threatened to resign, forcing him from office. There was no smokescreen ability, however there were some barrage balloons positioned strategically for protection. Although casualties were heavy, at no time did they approach the estimates that had been made before the war, and only a fraction of the available hospital and ambulance capacity was ever utilized. Reviewed by: Geoffrey Roberts. On the 17th I heard that hundreds who either could not get away or could not leave for other reasons simply went out into the fields and remained in the open all night with whatever they could take in the way of covering. KS3 History (Environment and society) The Belfast Blitz learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers. For eight months the Luftwaffe dropped bombs on London and other strategic cities across Britain. But the Luftwaffe was ready. The bombs caused death and destruction across the city, affecting those of all religions and political backgrounds. Still, many in Northern Ireland believed no Luftwaffe attack would come. The Royal Air Force announced that Squadron Leader J.W.C. Death should be dignified, peaceful; Hitler had made even death grotesque. Video, 00:01:23Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds, One-minute World News. It is situated at on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. 29 - Belfast was once bigger than Dublin Your donations help keep MHN afloat. At 10:40 on the evening of Easter Tuesday 1941 air raid sirens sounded across Belfast, sending people across the city scrambling for safety - in one of the 200 public shelters in the city or the thousands of shelters or other "safe" spaces in private homes. The creeping TikTok bans. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom . Video, 00:00:51Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off. The 2017 film Zoo depicts an air raid during the Belfast Blitz. Air-raid damage was widespread; hospitals, clubs, churches, museums, residential and shopping streets, hotels, public houses, theatres, schools, monuments, newspaper offices, embassies, and the London Zoo were bombed. Accounts differ as to when flares were dropped to light up the city. 255 corpses were laid out in St George's Market. People hung black curtains in their windows so that no lights showed outside their houses. In The Blitz: Belfast in the War Years, Brian Barton wrote: "Government Ministers felt with justification, that the Germans were able to use the unblacked out lights in the south to guide them to their targets in the North." Guided by Davies, the people of the shelter created an ad hoc government and established a set of rules. Wherever Churchill is hiding his war material we will go. The next took place on Easter Tuesday, 15 April 1941, when 200 Luftwaffe bombers attacked military and manufacturing targets in the city of Belfast. "They have never been published before, never seen the light of day.". Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland . Tommy Henderson, an Independent Unionist MP in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland, summed up the feeling when he invited the Minister of Home Affairs to Hannahstown and the Falls Road, saying "The Catholics and the Protestants are going up there mixed and they are talking to one another. Train after train and bus after bus were filled with those next in line. Many of the surface shelters built by local authorities were flimsy and provided little protection from bombs, falling debris, and fire. The government was blamed by some for inadequate precautions. Video, 00:01:37, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. On August 25 the British retaliated by launching a bombing raid on Berlin. For eight months the Luftwaffe dropped bombs on London and other strategic cities across Britain. IWM C 5424 1. [25] He followed up with his "they are our people" speech, made in Castlebar, County Mayo, on Sunday 20 April 1941 (Quoted in the Dundalk Democrat dated Saturday 26 April 1941): In the past, and probably in the present, too, a number of them did not see eye to eye with us politically, but they are our people we are one and the same people and their sorrows in the present instance are also our sorrows; and I want to say to them that any help we can give to them in the present time we will give to them whole-heartedly, believing that were the circumstances reversed they would also give us their help whole-heartedly Frank Aiken, the Irish Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures was in Boston, Massachusetts at the time. along with England, Scotland, and Wales. Video, 00:01:38, At least 17 dead in Jakarta fuel storage depot fire, Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine. Barton insisted that Belfast was "too far north" to use radio guidance. The fall of France in June, 1940, enabled the Luftwaffe to establish airfields across the north of the country, leaving Ulster within reach of bombers. They remained for three days, until they were sent back by the Northern Ireland government. The attacks were authorized by Germany's chancellor, Adolf Hitler, after the British carried out a nighttime air raid on Berlin. Barton wrote: "the Catholic population was much more strongly opposed to conscription, was inclined to sympathise with Germany", "there were suspicions that the Germans were assisted in identifying targets, held by the Unionist population." Fortunately, the railway telegraphy link between Belfast and Dublin was still operational. "But there is no such equivalent in Belfast. The youngest victim was just six-weeks-old. Clydeside got its blitz during the period of the last moon. Hundreds of incendiary and many high-explosive bombs were dropped, doing little material damage but causing many casualties. Other targets included Sheffield, Manchester, Coventry, and Southampton. [27] One widespread criticism was that the Germans located Belfast by heading for Dublin and following the railway lines north. In every instance, all stepped forward. It was not the last time Belfast would suffer. The South Hallsville School disaster prompted Londoners, especially residents of the East End, to find safer shelters, on their own if necessary. Elsewhere in the skies over Britain, Nazi official Rudolph Hess chose that same evening to parachute into Scotland on a quixotic and wholly unauthorized peace mission. From their photographs, they identified suitable targets: There had been a number of small bombings, probably by planes that missed their targets over the River Clyde in Glasgow or the cities of the northwest of England. Three vessels nearing completion at Harland and Wolff's were hit as was its power station. 3. Fighter Commands efforts were greatly aided by the lack of any consistent plan of action on the part of the Germans. Taoiseach amon de Valera formally protested to Berlin. 24 - The tyres Dunlop were invented in Belfast in 1887 25 - The two H&W cranes are named Samson and Goliath 26 - The Albert Clock is Ireland's leaning tower 27 - The mobile defibrillator was invented in Belfast 28 - Belfast's ice hockey team, the Giants, is one of the best in Europe. The most heavily bombed cities outside London were Liverpool and Birmingham. Wave after wave of bombers dropped their incendiaries, high explosives and land-mines. In late August the Germans dropped some bombs, apparently by accident, on civilian areas in London. Later, guided by the raging fires caused by the first attack, a second group of planes began another assault that lasted until 4:30 the following morning. An air raid shelter on Hallidays Road received a direct hit, killing all those in it. ", Dawson Bates informed the Cabinet of rack-renting of barns, and over thirty people per house in some areas.[24]. devised the Morrison shelter (named for Home Secretary Herbert Stanley Morrison) as an alternative to the Anderson shelter. From September 1940 until May 1941, Britain was subjected to sustained enemy bombing campaign, now known as the Blitz. Read about our approach to external linking. This option had been forbidden by city officials, who feared that once people began sleeping in Underground stations, they would be reluctant to return to the surface and resume daily life. Sometimes they were trying establish a blockade by destroying shipping and port facilities, sometimes they were directly attacking Fighter Command ground installations, sometimes they were targeting aircraft factories, and sometimes they were attempting to engage Fighter Command in the skies. The district of Belfast has an area of 44 square miles (115 square km). Beginning in September 1940, the Blitz was an aerial bombing campaign conducted by the Luftwaffe against British cities. The raids on London primarily targeted the Docklands area of the East End. Up Next. Belfast was the birthplace of the RMS Titanic, the world' most famous ship which, when it was constructed in the early 1900s, was longer than the height of the world's tallest building at 882 feet and six inches in length. William Joyce (known as "Lord Haw-Haw") announced in radio broadcasts from Hamburg that there will be "Easter eggs for Belfast". [13] However at the time Lord Craigavon, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland since its inception in 1921, said: "Ulster is ready when we get the word and always will be." Clydeside got its blitz during the period of the last moon. "A lot of the people I spoke to were relatives who ended up donating images and handwritten letters from before and after the Blitz. Men from the South worked with men from the North in the universal cause of the relief of suffering. John Clarke MacDermott, the Minister of Public Security, after the first bombing, initiated the "Hiram Plan" to evacuate the city and to return Belfast to 'normality' as quickly as possible. Although there were some comparatively slight raids later in 1941, the most notable one on July 27, the May 1011 attack marked the conclusion of the Blitz. Many in Northern Ireland thought that Belfast was outside the range of the Luftwaffe. By the end of the attacks, between 900 and 1,000 people were dead and thousands more were injured, homeless and displaced. The area included the Harland and Wolff Ltd. Shipyard, the Short and Harland Ltd. Aircraft Factory, and the airfield at RAF Sydenham. The higher the German planes had to fly to avoid the balloons, the less accurate they were when dropping their bombs. Over 20 hospitals were hit, among them the London (many times), St. Thomass, St. Bartholomews, and the childrens hospital in Great Ormond st., as well as Chelsea hospital, the home for the aged and invalid soldiers, built by Wren. On Nov. 30, 1940, a lone Luftwaffe plane flew across the Ards Peninsula unobserved and reported back to Berlin. (Some authors count this as the second raid of four). The government announced that 77 people had died, but for years local residents insisted the toll was much higher. There was no opposition. Morale did suffer amid the death and devastation, but there were few calls for surrender. Yesterday the hand of good-fellowship was reached across the Border. There [is] ground for thinking that the enemy could not easily reach Belfast in force except during a period of moonlight. The A.R.P. Another attacked Bangor, killing five. Updates? We were in exceptional good humour knowing that we were going for a new target, one of Englands last hiding places, said one pilot of the raid. One of every six Londoners was made homeless at some point during the Blitz, and at least 1.1 million houses and flats were damaged or destroyed. Three nights later (April 1920) London was again subjected to a seven-hour raid, and the loss of life was considerable, especially among firefighters and the A.R.P. Video, 00:00:36, Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. Strand Public Elementary school, York Road railway station, the adjacent Midland Hotel on York Road, and Salisbury Avenue tram depot were all hit. As of October 2020, the population of Belfast is about 350,000 people. Munster, for example, operated by the Belfast Steamship Company, plied between Belfast and Liverpool under the tricolour, until she hit a mine and was sunk outside Liverpool. Has it taken bursting bombs to remind the people of this little country that they have common tradition, a common genius and a common home? Despite the military and industrial importance of the city, the Luftwaffe described the defences asweak, scanty, insufficient. Video, 00:00:26, Living through the London Blitz. A Luftwaffe pilot gave this description "We were in exceptional good humour knowing that we were going for a new target, one of England's last hiding places. Over the course of three days, some 1.5 million civiliansthe overwhelming majority of them childrenwere transported from urban centres to rural areas that were believed to be safe. From papers recovered after the war, we know of a Luftwaffe reconnaissance flight over Belfast on 30 November 1940. No searchlights were set up in the city at the time, and these only arrived on 10 April. Singer-songwriter Van Morrison was born here. Jimmy Doherty, an air raid warden (who later served in London during the V1 and V2 blitz), who wrote a book on the Belfast blitz; The offensive came to be called the Blitz after the German word blitzkrieg (lightning war). After the passing of the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, it became the seat of the government of Northern Ireland. The past doesnt change, its just over.. 6. Those who sought refuge at the school were told that they would quickly be relocated to a safer area, but the evacuation was delayed. At 4:15am John MacDermott, the Minister of Public Security, managed to contact Basil Brooke (then Agriculture Minister), seeking permission to seek help from the Irish government. Anna and Billy returned to England and continued running the children's home. The raid so infuriated Hitler that he ordered the Luftwaffe to shift its attacks from RAF sites to London and other cities. The Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.) The Germans established that Belfast was defended by only seven anti-aircraft batteries, which made it the most poorly defended city in the United Kingdom. "There will always be people who will slip through the net but I am able to say at least 987 were killed across all raids.". Weighing 46,328 tonnes, Titanic was to be the largest manmade moveable object the world had ever seen. Nearby were the citys main power station, gasworks, telephone house and the Sirocco Engineering works. Because basements, a logical destination in the event of an air raid, were a relative rarity in Britain, the A.R.P. [citation needed], On Easter Tuesday, 15 April 1941, spectators watching a football match at Windsor Park noticed a lone Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 aircraft circling overhead.[15]. Video, 00:01:09The Spitfire turns 80, The German bombing of Coventry. He described some distressing consequences, such as how "in one case the leg and arm of a child had to be amputated before it could be extricated. After the first week of September, although night bombing on a large scale continued, the large mass attacks by day, which had proved so costly to the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain, were replaced by smaller parties coming over in successive waves. It became a city by royal charter in 1888. He spoke with Professor Flynn, (Theodore Thomson Flynn, an Australian based at the Mater Hospital and father of actor Errol Flynn), head of the casualty service for the city, who told him of "casualties due to shock, blast and secondary missiles, such as glass, stones, pieces of piping, etc." Londoners enjoyed three weeks of uneasy peace until May 1011, the night of a full moon, when the Luftwaffe launched the most intense raid of the Blitz. Belfast Blitz: Marking the lost lives 80 years on A force of 180 bombers dropped 750 bombs - including 203 tonnes of high explosives - and 29,000 incendiaries over a five-hour period. "We can still see the physical scars of the Blitz in Belfast, that is what is left. London seemed ablaze from the docks to Westminster, much damage was done, and casualties were high. It lies where the Lagan River flows into a part of the Irish Sea. Thank you. Subs offer. You can see the difference in those letters - post-Blitz is very much a grieving tone. [citation needed] However on 20 October 1941 the Garda Sochna captured a comprehensive IRA report on captured member Helena Kelly giving a detailed analysis of damage inflicted on Belfast and highlighting prime targets such as Shortt and Harland aircraft factory and RAF Sydenham, describing them as 'the remaining and most outstanding objects of military significance, as yet unblitzed' and suggesting they should be 'bombed by the Luftwaffe as thoroughly as other areas in recent raids'[28][29], After three days, sometime after 6pm, the fire crews from south of the border began taking up their hoses and ladders to head for home. Between April 7 and May 6 of that year, Luftwaffe bombers unleashed death and destruction on the cities of Belfast, Bangor, Derry/Londonderry and Newtownards. Nine were registered on three separate occasions, and from the start of the Blitz until November 30 there were more than 350 alerts. Learn how your comment data is processed. Some 900 people died as a result of the bombing and 1,500 were injured. The first attack was against the city's waterworks, which had been attacked in the previous raid. His death (along with preceding ill-health) came at a bad time and arguably inadvertently caused a leadership vacuum. The Titanic was built in Belfast. These figures are based on newspaper reports of the time, personal recollections and other primary sources, such as:- On August 2, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Gring issued his Eagle Day directive, laying down a plan of attack in which a few massive blows from the air were to destroy British air power and so open the way for the invasion. Over a period of nine months, over 43,500 civilians were killed in the raids, which focused on major cities and industrial centres. It would appear that Adolf Hitler, in view of de Valera's negative reaction, was concerned that de Valera and Irish American politicians might encourage the United States to enter the war. They prevented low-flying aircraft from approaching their targets at optimal altitudes and angles of attack. In the west and north of the city, streets heavily bombed included Percy Street, York Park, York Crescent, Eglinton Street, Carlisle Street, Ballyclare, Ballycastle and Ballynure Streets off the Oldpark Road; Southport Street, Walton Street, Antrim Road, Annadale Street, Cliftonville Road, Hillman Street, Atlantic Avenue, Hallidays Road, Hughenden Avenue, Sunningdale Park, Shandarragh Park, and Whitewell Road. A short respite followed, until a widespread series of night raids on April 7 included some targets in the London area. By mid-September 1940 the RAF had won the Battle of Britain, and the invasion was postponed indefinitely. Interesting facts about Belfast. As many as 5,000 people had packed into this network of underground tunnels, which was dangerously overcrowded, dirty, and dark. The fourth and final Belfast raid took place on the following night, 56 May. The night raids on London continued into 1941, and January 1011 saw exceptionally heavy attacks; the Mansion House (residence of the lord mayor of London) and the Bank of England narrowly avoided destruction when a bomb fell directly between them, creating a gigantic crater. People are leaving from all parts of town and not only from the bombed areas. department distributed more than two million Anderson shelters (named after Sir John Anderson, head of the A.R.P.) Although it arrested German spies that its police and military intelligence services caught, the state never broke off diplomatic relations with Axis nations: the German Legation in Dublin remained open throughout the war. Streetlights, car headlights, and illuminated signs were kept off. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/the-Blitz, National Museums Liverpool - Merseyside Maritime Museum - The Blitz, The History Learning Site - The Blitz and World War Two. [18], Over 900 people died, 1,500 people were injured, 400 of them seriously. Beginning on Black Saturday, London was attacked on 57 straight nights. Tragically 35 were crushed to death when the mill wall collapsed. Death had to a certain extent been made decent. Belfast's Albert Clock tower is sinking - it leans by four feet. ISBN 9781909556324. In the New Lodge area people had taken refuge in a mill. [17] A stray bomber attacked Derry, killing 15. It targeted the docks. Several accounts point out that Belfast, standing at the end of the long inlet of Belfast Lough, would be easily located. No significant cut was made in necessary social services, and public and private premises, except when irreparably damaged, were repaired as speedily as possible. With the surrender of France in June 1940, Germanys sole remaining enemy lay across the English Channel. Unlike N Ireland, the Irish Free State was no longer part of the UK. John Wood Dunlop invented the pneumatic tyre in Belfast in 1887. 4. In the subsequent years, this lack of preparation has often dominated the discussion about the Belfast Blitz, but a new project led by Alan Freeburn from the Northern Ireland War Memorial aims to shift the focus back to the ordinary men, women and children who lost their lives. By 1940, Short and Harland could shelter its entire workforce and Harland and Wolff had provision to shelter 16,000 workers. German bombing of London during the Blitz, Discover how the Third Reich attacked Great Britain during World War II's Battle of Britain, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Watch President Roosevelt outline his Four Freedoms and learn how Britain defeated Germany's Luftwaffe. A victory for the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain would indeed have exposed Great Britain to invasion and occupation. Blitz Fibre UK Blitz Fibre UK Published Mar 1, 2023 + Follow Fact 1- Small but Mighty . In the first days of the Blitz, a tragic incident in the East End stoked public anger over the governments shelter policy. "There are plans for one but there isn't one yet. The firm had produced Handley Page Hereford bombers since 1936. headquarters, Toynbee hall and St. Dunstans; the American, Spanish, Japanese and Peruvian embassies and the buildings of the Times newspaper, the Associated Press of America, and the National City bank of New York; the centre court at Wimbledon, Wembley stadium, the Ring (Blackfriars); Drury Lane, the Queens and the Saville theatres; Rotten row, Lambeth walk, the Burlington arcade and Madame Tussauds. Given Belfast's geographic position, it was considered to be at the fringe of the operational range of German bombers and hence there was no provision for night-fighter aerial cover. The city covers a total area of 132.5 square kilometers (51 square miles). Streets heavily bombed in the city centre included High Street, Ann Street, Callender Street, Chichester Street, Castle Street, Tomb Street, Bridge Street (effectively obliterated), Rosemary Street, Waring Street, North Street, Victoria Street, Donegall Street, York Street, Gloucester Street, and East Bridge Street. Humanity knows no borders, no politics, no differences of religious belief. It is believed that the wartime government covered up the death toll because of concern over the effect it would have had on public morale. Under the leadership of amon de Valera it had declared its neutrality during the Second World War. 7. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Indeed, on the night of the first raid, no Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft took to the air to intercept German planes.
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