Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. The Social War - Spartacus Educational Websites. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Tweet. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. The Late Republic - Clarkson Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. Guide. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. be determined. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. What Is a Primary Source? Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. Historical documents : how to read them. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. The Steamboat Adventure. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Revised on November 11, 2022. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. They had, however, fallen on hard times. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible.
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